Network Address Translation¶
Network Address Translation (abbreviated to NAT) is a way to separate external and internal networks (WANs and LANs), and to share an external IP between clients on the interal network. NAT can be used on IPv4 and IPv6. For IPv6, Network Prefix Translation is also available.
Most of the options below use three different addresses: the source, destination and redirect address. These addresses are used for the following:
Source |
Where the traffic comes from. This can often be left on “any”. |
Destination |
Where the traffic is headed. For incoming traffic from outside, this is usually your external IP address. |
Redirect |
Where the traffic should be redirected. |
Warning
Network Address Translation should not be relied upon as a security measure.
Disabling pf will also disable NAT.
Some terms explained¶
BINAT: NAT generally works in one direction. However, if you have networks of equal size, you can also use BINAT, which is bidirectional. This can simplify your set-up. If you don’t have networks of equal size, you can only use regular NAT.
NAT reflection: When a client on the internal network tries to access another client, but using the external IP instead of the internal one (which would the most logical), NAT reflection can rewrite this request so that it uses the internal IP, in order to avoid taking a detour and applying rules meant for actual outside traffic.
Note
The NAT rules generated with enabling NAT reflection only include networks directly connected to your Firewall. This means if you have a private network separated from your LAN you need to add this with a manual outbound NAT rule.
Pool options: When there are multiple IPs to choose from, this option will allow regulating which IP gets used. The default, Round Robin, will simply distribute packets to one server after the other. If you only have one external IP, this option has no effect.
Port forwarding¶
When multiple clients share an external IP address, any connection not initiated by one of the clients will not succeed since the firewall will not know where to send the traffic. This can be addressed by creating port forwarding rules. For example, for a web server behind the firewall to be accessible, ports 80 and 443 need to be redirected to it.
Port forwarding is also referred to as “Destination NAT” or “DNAT”.
In OPNsense, port forwarding can be set up by navigating to . Here, you will see an overview of port forwarding rules. New rules can be added by clicking Add in the upper right corner.
When adding a rule, the following fields are available:
Disabled |
Disable this rule without removing it. |
No RDR (NOT) |
Do not create a redirect rule. Leave this disabled unless you know what you are doing. |
Interface |
Which interface this rule should apply to. Most of the time, this will be WAN. |
TCP/IP version |
IPv4, IPv6 or both. |
Protocol |
In typical scenarios, this will be TCP. |
Source |
Where the traffic comes from. Click “Advanced” to see the other source settings. |
Source / Invert |
Invert match in “Source” field. |
Source port range |
When applicable, the source port we should match on. This is usually random and almost never equal to the destination port range (and should usually be ‘any’). |
Destination / Invert |
Invert match in “Destination” field. |
Destination |
Where the traffic is headed. |
Destination port range |
Service port(s) the traffic is using |
Redirect target IP |
Where to redirect the traffic to. |
Redirect target port |
Which port to use (when using tcp and/or udp) |
Pool Options |
See “Some terms explained”. The default is to use Round robin. |
Description |
A description to easily find the rule in the overview. |
Set local tag |
Set a tag that other NAT rules and filters can check for. |
Match local tag |
Check for a tag set by another rule. |
No XMLRPC sync |
Prevent this rule from being synced to a backup host. (Checking this on the backup host has no effect.) |
NAT reflection |
See “Some terms explained”. Leave this on the default unless you have a good reason not to. |
Filter rule association |
Associate this with a regular firewall rule. |
One-to-one¶
One-to-one NAT will, as the name implies, translate two IPs one-to-one, rather than one-to-many as is most common. In this respect, it is similar to what NPT does for IPv6.
In OPNsense, one-to-one NAT can be set up by navigating to . Here, you will see an overview of one-to-one rules. New rules can be added by clicking Add in the upper right corner.
When adding a rule, the following fields are available:
Disabled |
Disable this rule without removing it. |
Interface |
Which interface this rule should apply to. Most of the time, this will be WAN. |
Type |
BINAT (default) or NAT. See “Some terms explained”. |
External network |
Starting address of external network, which should be used to translate addresses to/from. |
Source / invert |
Invert match in “Source” field. |
Source |
The internal network for this mapping, usually some RFC 1918 range |
Destination / invert |
Invert match in “Destination” field. |
Destination |
The destination network packages should match, when used to map external networks, this is usually |
Description |
A description to easily find the rule in the overview. |
NAT reflection |
See “Some terms explained”. Leave this on the default unless you have a good reason not to. |
Outbound¶
When a client on an internal network makes an outbound request, the gateway will have to change the source IP to the external IP of the gateway, since the outside server will not be able to send an answer back otherwise.
Outbound NAT is also referred to as “Source NAT” or “SNAT”.
If you only have one external IP, then you leave the Outbound NAT options on automatic. However, if you have multiple IP addresses, you might want to change the settings and add some custom rules.
The main settings for outbound are as follows:
Automatic outbound NAT rule generation |
The default. Follows the behaviour described above, and is good for most scenarios. |
Manual outbound NAT rule generation |
No automatic rules are generated. They can be added manually. |
Hybrid outbound NAT rule generation |
Automatic rules are added, but additional manual rules can be added as well. |
Disable outbound NAT rule generation |
Disables outbound NAT. This is used for transparent bridges, for example. |
New rules can be added by clicking Add in the upper right corner.
When adding a rule, the following fields are available:
Disabled |
Disable this rule without removing it. |
Do not NAT |
Disable NAT for all traffic matching this rule. Leave this disabled unless you know what you are doing. |
Interface |
Which interface this rule should apply to. Most of the time, this will be WAN. |
TCP/IP version |
IPv4 or IPv6 |
Protocol |
In typical scenarios, this will be TCP. |
Source invert |
Invert match in “Source” field. |
Source |
The source network to match |
Source port |
When applicable, the source port we should match on. This is usually random and almost never equal to the destination port range (and should usually be ‘any’). |
Destination invert |
Invert match in “Destination” field. |
Destination |
Destination network to match |
Destination port |
Service port the traffic is using |
Translation / target |
What to translate matching packets to. |
Log |
Put packets matching this rule in the logs. Use this sparingly to avoid overflowing the logs. |
Translation / port |
Which port to use on the target |
Static-port |
Prevents pf(4) from modifying the source port on TCP and UDP packets. |
Pool options |
See “Some terms explained”. The default is to use Round robin. |
Set local tag |
Set a tag that other NAT rules and filters can check for. |
Match local tag |
Check for a tag set by another rule. |
No XMLRPC sync |
Prevent this rule from being synced to a backup host. (Checking this on the backup host has no effect.) |
Description |
A description to easily find the rule in the overview. |